Taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity in headwater stream fish communities of the Paraná and Paraguai River basins

Patterns of species replacement and richness differences along environmental gradients or ecoregions shed light on different ecological and evolutionary mechanisms acting on community structure. Communities of aquatic ecosystems of different watersheds are supposed to host distinct species and lineages. Quantifying and understanding the degree to which these differences are affected by environmental and biogeographical factors remains an open question for these environments, particularly in the Neotropical region. We investigated patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of headwater streams of the Paraná and Paraguai River basins to understand how local and biogeographical factors affect the assembly of fish communities. We also quantified taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity by decomposing them into nestedness and turnover components. We found that local environmental factors are the main factors influencing the composition of stream fish communities. Whereas pH affected both taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover, water velocity was responsible for phylogenetic turnover and pH was the main driver of phylogenetic nestedness. Our results indicate an effect of local environmental factors in determining the structure of headwater stream fish communities through a combination of a species sorting mechanism (water velocity and pH) and phylogenetic habitat filtering (pH).(AU)

Padrões de substituição de espécies ou diferenças de riqueza ao longo de gradientes ambientais ou ecoregiões lançam luz sobre diferentes processos e mecanismos ecológicos atuando na estruturação das comunidades. Supõe-se que comunidades aquáticas pertencentes a diferentes bacias pertençam a linhagens evolutivas distintas. Quantificar e entender o grau em que tais diferenças são resultado de fatores ambientais locais e/ou processos biogeográficos ainda é uma questão pouco explorada. Neste estudo nós investigamos os padrões de composição taxonômica e filogenética em riachos de cabeceira das bacias dos Rios Paraná e Paraguai, para entender como fatores locais e biogeográficos afetam a estruturação das comunidades de peixes. Nós quantificamos a diversidade beta taxonômica e filogenética decompondo estas em aninhamento e substituição. Encontramos que os fatores ambientais locais são os principais determinantes da composição das comunidades de peixes destes riachos. Enquanto o pH afetou tanto a substituição de linhagens e de espécies, a velocidade da água foi responsável por uma substituição de linhagens, enquanto o pH foi o principal responsável pelo aninhamento de linhagens. Nossos resultados indicam a importância dos fatores locais através da combinação entre mecanismos de preferência de nicho (velocidade da água e pH) e filtragem ambiental de linhagens (pH).(AU)

Aquatic Oligochaete Communities in Amazonian Streams, Saracá-Taquera National Forest, Pará, Brazil / Comunidade de oligoquetos aquáticos em riachos amazônicos, Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, Pará, Brasil

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze aquatic oligochaete distribution in relation to water column physicochemical variables, structural environmental variation, and predominant substrates in the preserved Amazonian streams of the Saracá-Taquera National Forest (FLONA Saracá-Taquera), northwest Pará, Brazil. Oligochaetes are widely used as bioindicators for monitoring aquatic environments as they are very sensitive to pollution and environmental changes. Physicochemical and structural variables were measured from 100 stream segments in order to understand the distribution of oligochaetes in Amazonian streams. Biotic samples were collected using Surber samplers in three of the most predominant substrate types in each segment. PERMANOVA testing showed that there was a significant difference in the oligochaete community among some substrates, potentially caused by a difference in the abundance of the most common taxa. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that physical variables drive the distribution of oligochaetes in preserved Amazonian streams, as they determine the formation of different substrates along the stream, from the source to the mouth; favoring the presence of oligochaetes with more specific ecological needs in low-order streams, and the presence of oligochaetes capable of colonizing various types of substrates and deeper zones in high-order streams. These results suggest that water depth and channel width are the main drivers of aquatic oligochaete distribution along Amazonian streams, determining the formation of unstable and low-quality substrates and, consequently, the low colonization by oligochaetes in high-order streams; and more diverse and stable substrate formation in low-order streams, favoring the colonization by diverse taxa of aquatic oligochaetes in low-order Amazonian streams.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em relação às variáveis físico-químicas da coluna da água, variação estrutural do ambiente, e substratos predominantes em riachos amazônicos conservados na FLONA Saracá-Taquera, noroeste do Pará, Brasil. Oligochaetes são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores para monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos, pois são muito sensíveis à poluição e às mudanças ambientais. Variáveis físico-químicas e estruturais de 100 trechos de riachos foram mensuradas para entender a distribuição de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos. Amostras bióticas foram coletadas com amostrador Surber em três dos tipos de substratos mais predominantes em cada trecho. A PERMANOVA mostrou que há uma diferença significativa da comunidade de oligoquetos entre alguns substratos, possivelmente baseada nas diferenças no número do táxon mais comum. A Análise de Correspondência Canônica mostrou que as variáveis físicas controlam a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos preservados, porque estas variáveis determinam a formação dos diferentes substratos ao longo do riacho, desde a nascente até a foz, favorecendo a presença de oligoquetos com necessidades ecológicas mais específicas em riachos de baixa ordem, e oligoquetos capazes de colonizar diferentes tipos de substrato e zonas mais profundas em riachos de ordem maior. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que a profundidade da água e a largura do canal são as variáveis que controlam a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos, determinando a formação de substratos instáveis e de baixa qualidade, e consequentemente baixa colonização de oligoquetos, em riachos de ordem maior; e formação de substratos mais diversificados, mais estáveis e de qualidade em riachos de baixa ordem, favorecendo a colonização de diversos taxa de oligoquetos aquáticos em riachos amazônicos de baixa ordem.

Life history and phenology of Phylloicus pulchrus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a tropical rainforest stream of Puerto Rico / Historia de vida y fenología de Phylloicus pulchrus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) en una quebrada de bosque tropical lluvioso de Puerto Rico

Abstract Caddisflies are abundant, diverse, and important insects in freshwater ecosystems. However our knowledge on their life history is incomplete, in particular for the Neotropics. The objectives of this study were to describe the life history and phenology of Phylloicus pulchrus in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Eggs and larvae were reared to determine the species lifespan and time in each instar. Larval instars were determined based on a head width vs. pronotal suture length correlation (N= 120). Larvae and benthic leaf litter were sampled monthly at a headwater stream for a year; all specimens were classified into instars based on their case size. Adult P. pulchrus were sampled monthly for a year with a light trap and at various times with a Malaise trap. Monthly environmental variables were related to species and sex abundance. There was a gradient of egg development where eggs (within compound masses) closest to the water were more developed. There were five larval instars and reared larvae showed longer development times and more variable body measurements in later instars. The best correlation for larval instar determination was case length-head width (Pearson= 0.90, P= 2.2e-16, N= 120). Phylloicus pulchrus has a multivoltine life cycle, with asynchronous larval development. Adult abundance was low. First to third instar larvae were influenced significantly by rainfall and rainfall seasonality had a negative significant effect on second instar larval abundance (ANOVA= 7.45, P= 0.02).Compound egg masses were probably oviposited by different females that gathered for oviposition. Phylloicus pulchrus follows the predominant developmental characteristic of Trichoptera of having five larval stages. Development times were longer than expected (longest times for a Phylloicus species) and may be an effect of laboratory rearing. The influence of rainfall (and seasonality) on different larval instars highlights the importance of this variable on early larval development. The cause of low adult abundance remains unclear, but may be related to low emergence rates and trap efficiency. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 814-825. Epub 2018 June 01.

Resumen Los tricópteros son insectos abundantes, diversos e importantes en los ecosistemas de agua dulce. Sin embargo el conocimiento sobre su historia de vida es incompleto, en particular para el Neotrópico. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la historia de vida y fenología de Phylloicus pulchrus en el Bosque Experimental de Luquillo, Puerto Rico. Huevos y larvas fueron criadas para determinar la extención y tiempo de vida de cada estadio de la especie. Los estadios larvales fueron determinados basados en la correlación del ancho de cabeza vs. largo de la sutura pronotal (N= 120). Se muestrearon larvas y hojarasca béntica mensualmente por un año, todos los especímenes se clasificaron en estadios por el tamaño del estuche. Los adultos de P. pulchrus fueron recolectados mensualmente por un año utilizando una trampa de luz y varias recolectas con una trampa Malaise. Datos mensuales de variables ambientales fueron usados para explicar la abundancia total y por sexo de la especie. Se detectó un gradiente de desarrollo de los huevos donde los huevos (dentro de masa compuesta) más cercanos al agua estaban más desarrollados. Fueron cinco los estadios larvales y las larvas criadas mostraron tiempos de desarrollo más largos y mayor dispersión en las medidas corporales de los estadios tardíos. La mejor correlación para la determinación de estadios fue largo del estuche-ancho de cabeza (Pearson= 0.90, P= 2.2e-16, N= 120). Phylloicus pulchrus tiene un ciclo de vida multivoltino con desarrollo larval asíncrono. La abundancia de adultos fue baja. Los primeros tres estadios larvales fueron influenciados significativamente por la lluvia y la estacionalidad de la lluvia tuvo un efecto significativo en la abundancia del segundo estadio larval (ANOVA= 7.45, P= 0.02). Las masas de huevo complejas fueron probablemente ovipositadas por diferentes hembras que se reunieron para oviponer. Phylloicus pulchrus mantiene la característica de desarrollo predominante en Trichoptera de tener cinco estadios larvales. Los tiempos de desarrollo fueron mayores a lo esperado (los más largos para una especie de Phylloicus) y puede ser un efecto de la crianza en el laboratorio. El ciclo de vida multivoltino asíncrono observado es el esperado en un entorno tropical debido a las temperaturas más cálidas del agua, la disponibilidad constante de recursos y la baja estacionalidad. La causa de la poca abundancia de adultos permanece incierta, aunque puede estar relacionada con bajas tasas de emergencia y la eficiencia de la trampa de luz. La influencia de la lluvia (y su estacionalidad) en diferentes estadios larvales evidencian la importancia de esta variable en el desarrollo larval temprano.

The effect of macroinvertebrate exclusion on leaf breakdown rates in two upland Colombian streams / Efecto de la exclusión de macroinvertebrados sobre las tasas de descomposición de la hojarasca en dos ríos de alta montaña en Colombia

Abstract Macroinvertebrate shredders have been widely recognized as an important functional feeding group that contributes to leaf decomposition in temperate streams, but little is known about their role in upland Neotropical streams. In this study, we investigated the effect of macroinvertebrate exclusion on leaf breakdown rates in two upland streams in Colombia. The study was carried out between January and April of 2009, including the dry season and the beginning of the wet season. We measured leaf mass loss using coarse- (15 mm; accessible to macroinvertebrates) and fine- (200 µm; macroinvertebrates excluded) mesh litter bags that were anchored with wood stakes to the bottom of each stream and recovered after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days. We selected leaves from two dominant plant species and used three leaf treatments: two single species (Palicourea cuatrecasasii and Critoniopsis ursicola) and mixed-species (P. cuatrecasasii and C. ursicola). We compared leaf breakdown rates between the Peña Bonita and Marianela stream, mesh-sizes, and leaf treatments. Macroinvertebrates that colonized the litter bags were measured for density and biomass and categorized in functional feeding groups. In general, there were no significant differences in breakdown rates between the streams and the mesh-sizes. In contrast, leaf breakdown rates had significant differences between all leaf species, where C. ursicola had higher breakdown rates than mixed-species, and P. cuatrecasasii. Macroinvertebrate exclusion did not affect leaf breakdown rates and their assemblages were composed by high densities of collectors (mainly Chironomidae) and few shredders with a large body size. The similar macroinvertebrate colonization between leaf species, the relatively slow breakdown rates, and the shredder scarcity, suggest that leaves were a refractory substrate. Further studies should include leaf species with different nutritional qualities and larger spatial-temporal scales to test the hypothesis of shredder presence and its role on leaf decomposition in upland Colombian streams. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 457-467. Epub 2018 March 01.

Resumen Los macroinvertebrados fragmentadores han sido ampliamente reconocidos como un importante grupo funcional alimenticio que contribuye a la descomposición de la hojarasca en quebradas del hemisferio norte, pero poco se sabe sobre su papel en quebradas de montaña neotropicales. En el presente estudio investigamos el efecto de la exclusión de los macroinvertebrados sobre las tasas de fragmentación de la hojarasca en dos quebradas de montaña en Colombia. Nuestra hipótesis es que la fragmentación de la hojarasca es mediada principalmente por macroinvertebrados fragmentadores en quebradas de montaña en Colombia. Este estudio fue llevado a cabo entre enero y abril 2009, incluyendo la época seca y el comienzo de la época de lluvias. Se midieron las pérdidas de masa de hojarasca usando bolsas de malla gruesa (15 mm; accesible a macroinvertebrados) y fina (200 µm; macroinvertebrados excluidos); estas fueron atadas con estacas de madera al fondo de cada quebrada y recuperadas transcurridos 7, 14, 21, 28 y 56 días. Se seleccionó hojarasca de dos especies dominantes en los sitios de estudio y se usaron tres tratamientos para las bolsas de hojarasca: Critoniopsis ursicola, Palicourea cuatrecasasii y una mezcla de estas dos especies. Se compararon las tasas de fragmentación de la hojarasca entre las dos quebradas, los dos tipos de malla y las especies de hojarasca. Los macroinvertebrados que colonizaron las bolsas de hojarasca fueron medidos en términos de densidad, biomasa y categorizados en grupos funcionales alimenticios. En general, nuestros resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas en las tasas de fragmentación de la hojarasca entre las quebradas y entre los tipos de malla. En contraste, las tasas de fragmentación presentaron diferencias significativas entre las especies de hojarasca; específicamente, C. ursicola tuvo tasas más altas de fragmentación que las especies mezcladas y que P. cuatrecasasii. Con respecto a los macroinvertebrados, el presente estudio encontró que su exclusión no tuvo un efecto sobre las tasas de fragmentación y los ensamblajes estuvieron compuestos por una alta densidad de recolectores (principalmente de la familia Chironomidae) y pocos fragmentadores con gran tamaño corporal. La colonización similar de macroinvertebrados entre las especies de hojarasca, las relativamente lentas tasas de fragmentación, sugieren que las hojas fueron un sustrato refractario. Futuros estudios deberían incluir especies de hojarasca con diferentes calidades nutricionales y una mayor escala espacio-temporal para estudiar la hipótesis de la presencia de fragmentadores en quebradas de montaña en Colombia.

The contribution of environmental factors to fish assemblages in the Río Acahuapa, a small drainage in Central America

The ichthyofauna of the Río Acahuapa was analyzed sampling 17 sites that included the basin main channel and its tributaries. Fish were collected using dip-nets, seine-nets and electrofishing. Fish standard length and species abundance were recorded. Species origin and salinity tolerance criteria were used to classify fish species. Water physicochemical variables, habitat structure and sampling sites elevation were recorded. A total of 33 fish species were registered, 12.1% are primary, 45.5% are secondary and 42.4% are of marine derivation. Fish species richness declined with increase of elevation (R2=0.55, p=0.0006). Two assemblages of fishes were identified: the first one associated to sites of low elevations (19-184 masl), composed mainly of secondary and marine-estuarine fish species related with high temperature, water velocity, river width, dissolved oxygen and low sand and silt substrate cover; the second one associated to sites of middle and higher elevations (185-519 masl), composed by primary and secondary freshwater fishes related with high pH, logs and rocks substrate cover. In summary, elevation and environmental variables contributed to the composition and distribution of fish in the Río Acahuapa.(AU)

La ictiofauna del Río Acahuapa fue analizada en 17 sitios que incluyen el canal principal de la cuenca y sus tributarios. Los peces fueron recolectados utilizando chinchorros, redes de mano y electropesca. Se registró la longitud estándar y la abundancia por especie. El criterio de origen y tolerancia a la salinidad de las especies fue utilizado para clasificar a los peces. Las variables fisicoquímicas del agua, estructura del hábitat y elevación se registraron en cada sitio. Un total de 33 especies fueron registradas, cuyo 12.1% son primarias, 45.5% secundarias y 42.4% son de derivación marina. La riqueza de especies de peces disminuyó con el aumento de la elevación (R2=0.55, p=0.0006). Dos ensamblajes de peces fueron identificados: el primero está asociado con sitios de bajas elevaciones (19-184 msnm), compuesto principalmente de especies de peces secundarias y marino-estuarinas relacionadas con altas temperaturas, velocidad del agua, ancho de río, oxígeno disuelto y baja cobertura de sustrato de arena y limo; el segundo está asociado con sitios de mediana y alta elevación (185-519 msnm), compuesto por peces dulceacuícolas primarios y secundarios relacionados con altos valores de pH y cobertura de sustrato de troncos y rocas. Se determina que la elevación y las variables ambientales contribuyen a la composición y distribución de peces en el Río Acahuapa.(AU)

Relação entre padrões de uso e ocupação do solo e qualidade da água em uma bacia hidrográfica urbana / Relationship between patterns of use and occupation of soil and water quality in an urban watershed

RESUMO O uso e a ocupação do solo alteram sensivelmente os processos físico-químicos e biológicos dos sistemas naturais. Dessa forma, os mananciais de superfície são integradores dos fenômenos ocorrentes sobre a área da bacia hidrográfica. Assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram explorar a variabilidade temporal e espacial da qualidade da água e avaliar as possíveis relações entre os padrões de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Vermelho. Foram coletadas amostras de água em dois períodos (verão e inverno) e em 15 seções ao longo do curso d'água. Verificou-se forte influência temporal e espacial na qualidade das águas, e foram apresentadas no período de inverno as maiores concentrações de nutrientes (Cl-, P, NO3 -), condutividade elétrica e matéria orgânica. Esses valores interferem nos valores do Índice de Qualidade da Água, que varia entre 84 e 9 no período do verão e 66 e 6 no inverno. Quanto à trofia dos mananciais, foram encontrados valores médios de Índice de Estado Trófico de 30 no período chuvoso e de 93 no inverno. No tocante aos padrões de uso do solo, observaram-se fortes relações na qualidade da água nos dois períodos avaliados; a principal fonte de contaminação são as áreas urbanas. O Ribeirão Vermelho e seus afluentes apresentam forte influência das formas de uso e ocupação do solo confirmada pela entrada de matéria orgânica e de nutrientes nos sistemas hídricos por meio do lançamento de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento e pela agropecuária na rede de drenagem da bacia.

ABSTRACT Land use significantly alters the physicochemical and biological processes of natural systems. Thus, surface water sources are integrators of phenomena occurring on the catchment area. In this way, the study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal variability of water quality, and to assess the possible relationships between patterns of land use of the Ribeirão Vermelho basin. Water samples were collected in two periods (summer and winter) and in 15 sections along the watercourse. There has been strong temporal and spatial influence on water quality, and winter period showed the highest nutrient concentrations (Cl-, P, NO3 -), electrical conductivity and organic matter. These values influence the values of the Water Quality Index, ranging from 84 to 9 in the summer period and 66 to 6 in the winter. With respect to trophic conditions of water sources, average values of Trophic State Index of 30 were verified during the rainy season and 93 in winter. Regarding land use patterns, strong relationships in water quality in both periods were observed, the main source of contamination are urban areas. Ribeirão Vermelho and its effluent have shown strong influence of the forms of land use and occupation evidenced by the input organic matter and nutrients in water systems through domestic sewage release untreated and by agriculture in the drainage system of the basin.

Catastrophic shifts in the aquatic primary production revealed by a small low-flow section of tropical downstream after dredging / Mudanças catastróficas na produção primária aquática revelada por uma pequena seção de baixa vazão a jusante de um riacho após dragagem

Abstract Dredging is a catastrophic disturbance that directly affects key biological processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in those small and shallow. In the tropics, metabolic responses could still be enhanced by the high temperatures and solar incidence. Here, we assessed changes in the aquatic primary production along a small section of low-flow tropical downstream (Imboassica Stream, Brazil) after dredging. Our results suggested that these ecosystems may show catastrophic shifts between net heterotrophy and autotrophy in waters based on three short-term stages following the dredging: (I) a strongly heterotrophic net primary production -NPP- coupled to an intense respiration -R- likely supported by high resuspended organic sediments and nutrients from the bottom; (II) a strongly autotrophic NPP coupled to an intense gross primary production -GPP- favored by the high nutrient levels and low solar light attenuation from suspended solids or aquatic macrophytes; and (III) a NPP near to the equilibrium coupled to low GPP and R rates following, respectively, the shading by aquatic macrophytes and high particulate sedimentation. In conclusion, changes in aquatic primary production could be an important threshold for controlling drastic shifts in the organic matter cycling and the subsequent silting up of small tropical streams after dredging events.

Resumo Dragagem é um distúrbio catastrófico que afeta diretamente processos biológicos chave nos ecossistemas aquáticos, especialmente naqueles pequenos e rasos. Nos trópicos, as respostas metabólicas podem ser ainda mais intensificadas pelas altas temperaturas e incidência solar. No presente estudo, avaliamos mudanças na produção primária aquática ao longo de uma pequena seção de um riacho tropical após uma dragagem (riacho Imboassica, Brasil). Nossos resultados sugeriram que estes ecossistemas podem apresentar mudanças catastróficas desde heterotrofia à autotrofia líquida na água, baseadas em três etapas de curto prazo após a dragagem: (I) uma produção primária líquida -PPL- fortemente heterotrófica associada a uma intensa respiração -R-, provavelmente sustentada por sedimentos orgânicos e nutrientes advindos do fundo; (II) uma PPL fortemente autotrófica associada a uma intensa produção primária bruta -PPB- favorecida pelos elevados níveis de nutrientes e baixa atenuação da luz solar pelos sólidos em suspensão ou macrófitas aquáticas; e (III) uma PPL próxima ao equilíbrio associada às reduzidas taxas de PPB e R seguindo os sombreamento pelas macrófitas aquáticas e elevada sedimentação de particulados. Como conclusão, mudanças na produção primária aquática poderiam ser um importante limiar para controlar drásticas alterações na ciclagem da matéria orgânica e no subsequente assoreamento de pequenos riachos tropicais após eventos de dragagem.

Do omnivorous shrimp influence mayfly nymph life history traits in a tropical island stream?

Interspecific interactions can play an important role in determining habitat selection and resource use between competing species. We examined interactions between an omnivorous shrimp and a grazing mayfly, two co-dominant taxa found in Puerto Rican headwater streams, to assess how predator presence may influence mayfly resource use and instantaneous growth in a tropical rainforest ecosystem. We conducted a series of behavioral and growth experiments to determine the effects of the freshwater shrimp, Xiphocaris elongata, on the growth rate and resource selection of mayfly nymphs in the family Leptophlebiidae. For resource choice assessments, we conducted a series of five day laboratory experiments where mayflies were given access to two resource substrate choices (cobble vs. leaves) in the presence or absence of shrimp. To assess for the effects of shrimp on mayfly fitness, we measured mayfly growth in laboratory aquaria after five days using four treatments (cobble, leaves, cobble + leaves, no resource) in the presence or absence of shrimp. In resource choice experiments, mayflies showed preference for cobble over leaf substrata (p<0.05) regardless of the presence of shrimps, however, the preference for cobble was significantly greater when shrimp were present in the leaf habitat. In growth experiments, there were no statistical differences in mayfly growth in the presence or absence of shrimp (p=0.07). However, we measured increased mayfly nymph growth in the absence of predators and when both cobble and leaves were available. Our results suggest that interspecific interactions between these taxa could potentially influence organic matter resource dynamics (e.g., leaf litter processing and export) in Puerto Rican streams. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 41-51. Epub 2014 April 01.

Las relaciones interespecíficas pueden jugar un papel importante en la determinación del uso de recursos y selección de hábitat entre especies que compiten. Hemos examinado las interacciones entre un camarón omnívoro y un efemeróptero que se alimenta de vegetación , dos taxones codominantes en las partes altas de arroyos de Puerto Rico, para evaluar el efecto de los depredadores en el uso de recursos del efemeróptero y el crecimiento instantáneo en un ecosistema de selva tropical. Examinamos experimentalmente el efecto del camarón Xiphocaris elongata sobre la tasa de crecimiento y selección de recursos en ninfas efemerópteras (Leptophlebiidae). Hicimos experimentos de laboratorio de 5 días, dando a los efemerópteros acceso a dos opciones de sustrato (piedrecillas u hojas) en presencia o ausencia del camarón. Para evaluar los efectos sobre el crecimiento probamos cuatro tratamientos (piedrecillas, hojas , piedrecillas + hojas, sin ambas), en presencia o ausencia del camarón. Los efemerópteros prefirieron las piedrecillas a las hojas ( p < 0,05 ) independientemente de la presencia de los camarones. Esta preferencia fue mayor cuando junto a las hojas había camarones. Los camarones no afectaron el crecimiento de los efemerópteros (p = 0,07). Las ninfas efemerópteras crecieron mejor sin camarones y en acuarios con piedrecillas y hojas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las interacciones interespecíficas entre estos animales podrían influir en la dinámica de la materia orgánica (por ejemplo, procesamiento de la hojarasca y su exportación) en los arroyos puertoriqueños.

Land use effects on leaf litter breakdown in low-order streams draining a rapidly developing tropical watershed in Puerto Rico

Land use has an important role influencing stream ecosystem processes, such as leaf litter breakdown. Here, we assessed rates of leaf litter breakdown in low-order tropical streams draining forest, agriculture, and urban land uses in Puerto Rico. To measure leaf breakdown rates, we placed litter bags made of coarse mesh in nine streams, three for each land use type. At each stream, we measured changes in leaf mass over time, leaf breakdown rates, macroinvertebrate assemblages, and stream physicochemistry. Streams differed in their water physicochemistry, with urban streams showing high values for most variables. Stream physical habitat was evaluated using a visual assessment protocol, which indicated that agricultural and urban streams were more degraded than forested streams. Leaf breakdown rates were fast in all streams (k values ranging 0.006-0.024). Breakdown rates were significantly related to the physical conditions of the stream channel (e.g., visual protocol scores), with fastest rates in forested streams. Invertebrates colonizing leaves were mainly mayflies (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae), dipterans (Chironomidae), caddisflies (Polycentropodidae), and beetles (Elmidae and Gyrinidae). Our streams lacked large decapod populations, contrasting with other Puerto Rican streams. We found little evidence for an insect effect on leaf breakdown. Results suggest that land use is an important factor affecting leaf litter processing in streams. In contrast to studies in temperate regions, we found little evidence for a positive nutrient related effect of agricultural land use on decomposition rates. Changes in the physical characteristics of streams appear to be the main drivers behind observed decomposition patterns. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 129-142. Epub 2014 April 01.

El uso de la tierra influye significativamente sobre los procesos en ecosistemas de riachuelo, como la descomposición de la hojarasca. En el presente estudio, se evaluaron las tasas de descomposición de la hojarasca en arroyos tropicales menores de zonas boscosa, agrícola y urbana en Puerto Rico. Para medir las tasas de descomposición se colocaron bolsas de malla gruesa en nueve riachuelos, tres para cada uno de los tipos de uso de tierra. Se midieron los cambios en la masa de hojarasca con el tiempo, las tasas de descomposición, la composición de macroinvertebrados y los aspectos fisico-químicos del riachuelo. Los riachuelos mostraron diferencias en la fisico-química del agua: los riachuelos urbanos presentaron los valores más altos en casi todas las variables. Las características físicas del riachuelo fueron evaluadas utilizando un protocolo visual, el cual indica que los riachuelos urbanos y asociados a la agricultura están más degradados que los asociados a bosques. La tasa de descomposición de la hojarasca fue rápida en todos los riachuelos (k=0.006-0.024). La descomposición estuvo relacionada con las condiciones físicas del riachuelo, siendo más rápido en aquellos asociados al bosque. Los invertebrados que colonizaron las hojas fueron principalmente efemerópteros (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae), dípteros (Chironomidae), tricópteros (Polycentropodidae) y escarabajos (Elmidae and Gyrinidae). Contrario a lo encontrado en otros estudios, no hallamos decápodos. Hubo poca evidencia de que los insectos afecten la descomposición. Los resultados sugieren que el uso de la tierra es un factor importante que afecta el proceso de descomposición de la hojarasca en los riachuelos. Contrario a los estudios en zonas templadas, hallamos evidencia de una relación positiva de los nutrientes de tierra agrícola con las tasas de descomposición. Los cambios en las características físicas de los riachuelos parecen ser los factores principales en los patrones de descomposición.

Functional feeding groups of aquatic insect families in Latin America: a critical analysis and review of existing literature

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are involved in numerous processes within aquatic ecosystems. They often have important effects on ecosystem processes such as primary production (via grazing), detritus breakdown, and nutrient mineralization and downstream spiraling. The functional feeding groups (FFG) classification was developed as a tool to facilitate the incorporation of macroinvertebrates in studies of aquatic ecosystems. This classification has the advantage of combining morphological characteristics (e.g., mouth part specialization) and behavioral mechanisms (e.g., way of feeding) used by macroinvertebrates when consuming resources. Although recent efforts have greatly advanced our ability to identify aquatic macroinvertebrates, there is limited information on FFG assignment. Furthermore, there has been some variation in the use of the FFG classification, in part due to an emphasis on using gut content analysis to assign FFG, which is more appropriate for assigning trophic guilds. Thus, the main goals of this study are to (1) provide an overview of the value of using the FFG classification, (2) make an initial attempt to summarize available information on FFG for aquatic insects in Latin America, and (3) provide general guidelines on how to assign organisms to their FFGs. FFGs are intended to reflect the potential effects of organisms in their ecosystems and the way they consume resources. Groups include scrapers that consume resources that grow attached to the substrate by removing them with their mouth parts; shredders that cut or chew pieces of living or dead plant material, including all plant parts like leaves and wood; collectors-gatherers that use modified mouth parts to sieve or collect small particles (<1mm) accumulated on the stream bottom; filterers that have special adaptations to remove particles directly from the water column; and predators that consume other organisms using different strategies to capture them. In addition, we provide details on piercers that feed on vascular plants by cutting or piercing the tissue using sharp or chewing mouth parts and consume plant liquids. We also provide a list of families of aquatic insects in Latin America, with an initial assignment to FFGs. We recommended caution when assigning FFGs based on gut contents, as it can provide misleading information. Overall, FFG is a very useful tool to understand the role of aquatic macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems and comparisons among studies will benefit from consistency in their use. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 155-167. Epub 2014 April 01.

Feeding ecology of a stream fish assemblage in an Atlantic Forest remnant (Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil)

This study aimed to characterize the trophic structure of the fish assemblage in streams of the Serra Japi, an ecotonal area between the Atlantic Forest and inland forests of São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Fish were collected with electrofishing equipment in 15 sites covering different regions, substrate types and riparian vegetation, distributed throughout the Caguaçú River, Caxambú, Piraí and Guapeva River micro-basins, during the rainy (January/February) and dry season (June) of 2007. The 589 specimens analyzed from 22 species, were assigned to different trophic groups, discriminated through a matrix of similarity, based on the food index (IAi). The results show the formation of seven groups with a predominance of insectivorous and omnivorous species, followed by detritivores, piscivores, omnivore-carnivores and herbivores, which consumed mostly items of autochthonous origin, where algae and young insects were dominant. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), correlating the biomass of trophic groups to environmental variables, showed that omnivores, insectivores and omnivore-carnivores displayed a wide distribution, while detritivores, herbivores and piscivores were restricted to specific locations, related to different physical and chemical variables as total nitrogen, conductivity and temperature. Despite the increase in total biomass at the most urbanized sites, the results indicate that the streams maintain a diverse community, suggesting that most of them are in preserved conditions.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a estrutura trófica da comunidade de peixes de riachos da Serra do Japi, uma área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica e o interior paulista, no sudeste brasileiro. Os peixes foram coletados com equipamento de pesca elétrica em 15 pontos localizados em regiões com diferentes tipos de substrato e vegetação ripária, distribuídos pelas microbacias do Ribeirão Caguaçú, Caxambú, Piraí e Rio Guapeva, durante as estações chuvosa (janeiro/fevereiro) e seca (junho) de 2007. Os 589 indivíduos analisados, pertencentes a 22 espécies, foram classificados em diferentes grupos tróficos, discriminados através de uma matriz de similaridade baseada no Índice Alimentar (IAi). Os resultados mostraram a formação de sete grupos com predomínio de espécies insetívoras e onívoras, seguidas pelas detritívoras, piscívoras, onívoro-carnívoras e herbívoras, que consumiram principalmente itens de origem autóctone com predomínio de algas e formas imaturas de insetos aquáticos. A Análise de Correspondência Canônica, ao correlacionar a biomassa dos grupos tróficos às variáveis ambientais, mostrou que as espécies onívoras, insetívoras e onívoro-carnívoras apresentaram ampla distribuição, enquanto que as detritívoras, herbívoras e piscívoras estiveram restritas a determinados locais, relacionados a diferentes variáveis físicas e químicas tais como nitrogênio total, condutividade e temperatura. Embora o aumento da biomassa de alguns grupos tróficos tenha sido verificado nos locais com maior influência antrópica, os resultados indicaram que os diferentes riachos mantêm uma fauna diversificada, sugerindo que estes se encontram em condições relativamente preservadas.(AU)